Some scholars think the earlier Xia Dynasty never existed-that it was invented by the Zhou to support their claim under the Mandate that there had always been only one ruler of China.They used this Mandate to justify their overthrow of the Shang, and their subsequent rule. The Zhou created the Mandate of Heaven: the idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods.In 1046 BCE, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown at the Battle of Muye, and the Zhou Dynasty was established.
